Due to the possible detachment of the right wing from the web, the control node on the middle section of the web was considered to evaluate the influence of the adopted strengthening technique. Strengthened in-plane model: (A) pushover curves (B) principal tensile strains of strengthened model at a lateral load equal to peak capacity of plain model (C) principal tensile strains of strengthened model at a lateral load equal to peak capacity of strengthened model and (D) principal tensile strains of TRM strengthening at a lateral load equal to peak capacity of strengthened model.Ĭomparing the response of the strengthened in-plane model with the plain wall shows that the lateral stiffness of the wall is slightly increased. Hence, the sway of the right wing cannot be interpreted as ductility of the model.įigure 21.22. Such detachment increases displacements on the right wing, whereas the left wing and the web unload. This situation can be explained by the possible detachment between the right wing and the web wall. On the other hand, by considering the left wing and the midweb nodes as response control, an apparent unloading occurs in the postpeak behavior. As can be seen, this state occurs at very low lateral load level, evidencing the great influence of the nonlinear behavior of the rammed earth on the structural behavior. The damage initiation point of the models is also highlighted, which corresponds to the onset of the crack’s opening.
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Furthermore, a minor increase in peak capacity is observed from the shell to the solid models. Pushover curves of the plain in-plane models: (A) shell model and (B) solid model.Īs is evident, in all cases the right wing controls the behavior and the lateral displacement in the shell models are greater than that of the solid ones. It can also be useful for performance-based design of new buildings that rely on ductility or redundancies to resist earthquake forces.įigure 21.20. Pushover analysis is commonly used to evaluate the seismic capacity of existing structures and appears in several recent guidelines for retrofit seismic design. This process continues until a yield pattern for the whole structure under seismic loading is identified. The structure is “pushed” again until the second weak link is discovered. A second iteration indicates how the loads are redistributed. A pushover analysis simulates this phenomenon by applying loads until the weak link in the structure is found and then revising the model to incorporate the changes in the structure caused by the weak link. As individual components of a structure yield or fail, the dynamic forces on the building are shifted to other components. Structures redesign themselves during earthquakes.
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Pushover analysis is a static procedure that uses a simplified nonlinear technique to estimate seismic structural deformations. (London), in Earthquake-Resistant Structures, 2013 Pushover Equivalent Static Analysis